====== Cash Available for Distribution (CAFD) ======
===== The 30-Second Summary =====
  *   **The Bottom Line:** **CAFD is the true, spendable cash profit a business generates that can be returned to shareholders after paying for all essential repairs and maintenance.**
  *   **Key Takeaways:**
  * **What it is:** A measure of a company's cash flow after subtracting the capital expenditures required to simply maintain its current operations (think of it as the business's "take-home pay").
  * **Why it matters:** It cuts through confusing accounting numbers like [[net_income|Net Income]] to reveal the actual cash available for dividends, making it the gold standard for assessing [[dividend_investing|dividend safety]].
  * **How to use it:** To determine if a company's dividend is sustainable and to calculate a more realistic valuation based on its true cash-generating power.
===== What is Cash Available for Distribution (CAFD)? A Plain English Definition =====
Imagine you own a small apartment building as an investment.
Your tenants pay you $100,000 in rent over the year. That's your revenue. You pay $40,000 for property taxes, insurance, and utilities. The $60,000 left over looks like your profit, right? This is similar to a company's reported [[earnings_per_share|earnings]] or Net Income.
But as a wise property owner, you know that's not the whole story. This year, you had to spend $15,000 to replace a leaky roof and fix the boiler. These weren't optional upgrades to build a new swimming pool; they were //essential// costs to keep the building running and the tenants paying rent. These are "maintenance" expenses.
So, how much cash could you //actually// take out of the business to spend on yourself without letting the property fall apart?
$100,000 (Rent) - $40,000 (Operating Costs) - $15,000 (Essential Maintenance) = **$45,000**
That **$45,000** is your Cash Available for Distribution, or CAFD. It's the honest, real-world cash profit you generated that you can safely pay yourself.
In the corporate world, CAFD does the exact same thing. It starts with the cash a company brings in from its operations and then subtracts the money it //must// spend on "maintenance capital expenditures" (or Maintenance Capex) to keep its metaphorical "roof" from leaking and its "boilers" running. What's left is the pure, distributable cash flow that can be used for three primary things:
  - Pay dividends to shareholders.
  - Pay down debt.
  - Fund //new// growth projects (like building that swimming pool).
CAFD is a powerful lens of reality. While traditional accounting metrics can be clouded by non-cash expenses like depreciation ((Depreciation is an accountant's estimate of how much an asset's value has declined in a period. It reduces reported profit but doesn't actually involve any cash leaving the company's bank account.)), CAFD focuses only on the cash that comes in and the cash that must go out to sustain the business.
> //"The key to investing is not assessing how much an industry is going to affect society, or how much it will grow, but rather determining the competitive advantage of any given company and, above all, the durability of that advantage. The products or services that have wide, sustainable moats around them are the ones that deliver rewards to investors." - Warren Buffett//
While this quote isn't directly about CAFD, it speaks to its spirit. CAFD helps us measure the financial result of that durable advantage—the sustainable, predictable cash flow that a great business produces year after year.
===== Why It Matters to a Value Investor =====
For a value investor, CAFD isn't just another financial metric; it's a philosophy. We are taught by [[benjamin_graham|Benjamin Graham]] and [[warren_buffett|Warren Buffett]] to think like business owners, not stock traders. CAFD is the metric that business owners care about most.
  *   **A Lie Detector for Dividends:** A company's dividend is only as safe as the cash flow that backs it. Many companies post attractive dividend yields while their reported earnings look healthy. However, if they are paying out more in dividends than they generate in CAFD, they are performing a dangerous financial magic trick. They are funding the dividend with debt, by selling off assets, or by issuing new shares. This is fundamentally unsustainable. A value investor uses CAFD to look past the magician's smoke and mirrors to see if the dividend is real. The **CAFD Payout Ratio** (Dividends Paid / CAFD) is the ultimate test of dividend safety.
  *   **Focus on Business Reality, Not Accounting Fiction:** Value investors are obsessed with the underlying economic reality of a business. Accounting rules are necessary, but they can sometimes obscure this reality. A company can report a huge net profit but have terrible cash flow if its customers aren't paying their bills. Conversely, a company might report a low profit due to high depreciation charges, but be a gusher of cash. CAFD strips away these accounting conventions and asks the most important question: How much cold, hard cash did the business generate for its owners this year?
  *   **A Better Input for [[intrinsic_value|Intrinsic Value]]:** The goal of value investing is to buy a business for less than its intrinsic worth. One of the most common ways to estimate this worth is a [[discounted_cash_flow_dcf|Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)]] analysis, where you project a company's future cash flows and discount them back to the present. Using CAFD (or its close cousin, [[free_cash_flow]]) as the basis for your DCF model is far superior to using accounting earnings, as it provides a more accurate picture of the cash you can expect to receive as an owner.
  *   **Building a [[margin_of_safety|Margin of Safety]]:** When a company's CAFD is significantly higher than its dividend payment (i.e., it has a low payout ratio), it creates a powerful margin of safety for income-focused investors. If an unexpected recession hits or a major customer leaves, the company has a cash cushion to absorb the shock without having to cut its dividend. This cushion is the essence of prudent, defensive investing.
===== How to Calculate and Interpret Cash Available for Distribution (CAFD) =====
Unlike metrics defined by accounting standards (GAAP), CAFD is a "non-GAAP" metric. This means there isn't one universally mandated formula. However, the principle is always the same, and the most common method is straightforward.
=== The Formula ===
The most common way to calculate CAFD is to start with Cash Flow from Operations and subtract the money spent to maintain the business.
`**CAFD = Cash Flow from Operations (CFO) - Maintenance Capital Expenditures (Maintenance Capex)**`
Let's break that down:
  * **Cash Flow from Operations (CFO):** This is the easy part. You can find this number directly on a company's Statement of Cash Flows. It represents the cash generated by the company's core business activities and has already been adjusted for non-cash items like depreciation.
  * **Maintenance Capital Expenditures (Maintenance Capex):** This is the tricky part. This is the money spent not to grow, but simply to //sustain// the company's current level of operations—replacing old machinery, fixing roofs, repaving parking lots. Companies rarely break this number out separately from //Growth Capex// (money spent on new factories, expansions, etc.).
**So how do we find Maintenance Capex?**
Analysts use a few common estimation techniques. The most popular and often reliable one is:
`**Maintenance Capex ≈ Depreciation & Amortization (D&A)**`
The logic is that, over the long run, the amount a company spends to maintain its assets should be roughly equal to the rate at which those assets are wearing out (depreciating). You can find the D&A figure on the Cash Flow Statement or Income Statement.
Therefore, a practical, usable formula for investors is:
`**CAFD ≈ Cash Flow from Operations - Depreciation & Amortization**` ((This is a very close proxy to what is often called Free Cash Flow (FCF). For many practical purposes, FCF and CAFD are used to measure the same underlying economic reality. CAFD is often seen as a more refined version, especially in industries like utilities and pipelines where the distinction between maintenance and growth is critical.))
=== Interpreting the Result ===
A standalone CAFD number is interesting, but its true power comes from using it in ratios.
  *   **CAFD Payout Ratio:** This is the most critical test for a dividend investor.
    *   `Formula: Total Annual Dividends Paid / Total CAFD`
    *   **Interpretation:**
        *   **Below 80%:** Healthy and sustainable. The company is generating more than enough cash to cover its dividend, leaving room for future dividend increases, debt repayment, or reinvestment. This is a sign of a strong, conservative management.
        *   **80% - 100%:** A warning sign. The dividend is covered, but just barely. There is little room for error. Any hiccup in the business could put the dividend at risk.
        *   **Above 100%:** A major red flag. The company is paying out more cash in dividends than it is generating. This is unsustainable and is being funded by taking on debt or other short-term measures. A dividend cut could be imminent.
  *   **CAFD Yield:** This helps you value the business.
    *   `Formula: CAFD Per Share / Current Share Price`
    *   **Interpretation:** This tells you the company's total cash-generating power relative to its price. Think of it as the "potential" dividend yield if the company were to pay out 100% of its CAFD. A high CAFD yield (e.g., 8-10%+) relative to other stocks or government bonds can indicate an undervalued opportunity, provided the business is stable.
===== A Practical Example =====
Let's compare two fictional utility companies to see CAFD in action.
**Company A: "Steady Power Inc."**
**Company B: "Flashy Grid Corp."**
At first glance, Flashy Grid looks more appealing. It has higher reported earnings and a much higher dividend yield. A novice investor might jump at the 7.5% yield.
But a value investor digs deeper and calculates the CAFD for both.
^ Financial Metric ^ Steady Power Inc. ^ Flashy Grid Corp. ^
| Revenue | $2,000 million | $2,000 million |
| Net Income (Reported Earnings) | $200 million | $250 million |
| **--- Cash Flow Data ---** | | |
| Cash Flow from Operations | $500 million | $400 million |
| Maintenance Capex | $250 million | $200 million |
| **Cash Available for Distribution (CAFD)** | **$250 million** | **$200 million** |
| **--- Shareholder Data ---** | | |
| Annual Dividend Paid | $200 million | $300 million |
| Share Price | $40 | $40 |
| Dividend Yield | 5.0% | 7.5% |
| **--- The Value Investor's Analysis ---** | | |
| **CAFD Payout Ratio** | **80%** ($200/$250) | **150%** ($300/$200) |
**Analysis:**
  *   **Steady Power Inc.** has a CAFD of $250 million and pays out $200 million in dividends. Its CAFD payout ratio is a healthy and sustainable 80%. It has a $50 million cash cushion to weather storms or raise the dividend next year. The 5% dividend is safe and likely to grow.
  *   **Flashy Grid Corp.** looks great on the surface but is a disaster underneath. It only generated $200 million in real, distributable cash, yet it paid out $300 million to shareholders. Its payout ratio is a terrifying 150%. Where did the extra $100 million come from? It came from taking on new debt or selling assets. The attractive 7.5% yield is a trap; it is completely unsustainable and a dividend cut is almost guaranteed.
This example shows how CAFD protects you. It helps you choose the safe, durable business over the one that is sacrificing its future for a temporarily high dividend.
===== Advantages and Limitations =====
==== Strengths ====
  * **Focus on Reality:** CAFD's greatest strength is its grounding in actual cash. It is far less susceptible to the accounting estimates and manipulations that can affect Net Income.
  * **Superior Dividend Analysis:** It is the single best metric for assessing the health, safety, and sustainability of a company's dividend.
  * **Highlights Capital Discipline:** It forces you to consider how much a company must reinvest just to stand still, revealing how much is truly left over for growth and shareholder returns.
  * **Useful for Valuation:** CAFD provides a solid foundation for [[discounted_cash_flow_dcf|DCF modeling]] and for comparing the relative value of stable, income-producing companies.
==== Weaknesses & Common Pitfalls ====
  * **Maintenance Capex is an Estimate:** This is the most significant weakness. Because companies don't explicitly report Maintenance Capex, our calculation relies on an estimate (like D&A). An aggressive or dishonest management team could understate the true cost of maintenance to artificially inflate their CAFD numbers.
  * **Non-Standardized Metric:** Because it's a non-GAAP figure, companies can present their own version of "CAFD" or a similar metric (like "Distributable Cash Flow"). You must always read the footnotes to understand how they calculate it and not take their number at face value.
  * **Not for Every Industry:** CAFD is most powerful when analyzing mature, capital-intensive businesses with predictable cash flows, such as utilities, pipelines, infrastructure funds, and REITs. It is far less relevant for high-growth software companies or biotech firms that are reinvesting every penny and don't pay dividends.
  * **A Single Year is Not Enough:** A company can have one bad year. A value investor must analyze the **trend** of CAFD over at least 5-10 years to understand if the company's cash-generating ability is growing, shrinking, or volatile.
===== Related Concepts =====
  * [[free_cash_flow]]
  * [[dividend_investing]]
  * [[payout_ratio]]
  * [[capital_expenditure_capex]]
  * [[margin_of_safety]]
  * [[discounted_cash_flow_dcf]]
  * [[earnings_per_share]]